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Light Therapy For Curing Cancer

September 23, 2020

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Light therapy has long been used to treat cancer, but the therapy has a drawback that it only works on tissues that are easily accessible, such as the skin. However, in a study published in the March 9 issue of Nature Nanotechnology, researchers from the University of Washington School of Medicine used mouse cancer models to design a new type of phototherapy that could hit a "deep" tumor.


Light therapy has long been used to treat cancer, but the therapy has a drawback that it only works on tissues that are easily accessible, such as the skin. However, in a study published in the March 9 issue of Nature Nanotechnology, researchers from the University of Washington School of Medicine used mouse cancer models to design a new type of phototherapy that could hit a "deep" tumor.


In this study, scientists can deliver light directly to tumor cells, collaborating with free radical photosensitizers (which can be activated by light) to destroy cancer cells.


Samuel Achilefu, a professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Washington, said: "Phototherapy is very effective and has few side effects. But it has not been used for deep tumors or metastatic tumors. Simply put, phototherapy is a photo-stimulation of light-sensitive materials. Produces free radicals that can induce cell death. But the therapy works best only in the presence of light and oxygen. This is the biggest obstacle to limiting the development of light therapy."


The light source used by the researchers relies on a phenomenon called Cherenkov radiation. This phenomenon was discovered by Pavel Cerenkov in 1934, and he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics. Cerenkov radiation is a short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation emitted by a moving velocity in a medium that exceeds the speed of light in the medium, characterized by a blue glow. This phenomenon is also produced in positron emission tomography (PET) used by doctors to diagnose cancer.


Achilefu and first author Nalinikanth Kotagiri have been focusing on a research technique called FDG-PET. When using this technique, patients will be injected intravenously with a radiolabeled sugar molecule called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) prior to PET scan. Tumors take up sugar molecules to support their rapid growth, so that radioactive fluoride causes the tumor to emit light during PET scans, regardless of where the tumor is in the body.


In this way, the addition of FDG has achieved two purposes: first, to maintain the role of imaging agents; second, to provide light sources for phototherapy.

Achilefu said: "Since FDG can provide us with a light source, the next step is to find a material that can produce toxic substances under light stimulation." After extensive screening, the researchers chose nanoparticles composed of titanium dioxide. . When exposed to light, titanium dioxide can generate free radicals without the need for oxygen. To make sure that free radicals can increase the effectiveness of nanoparticles, researchers have added a drug called titanocene to the surface of nanomaterials.


Achilefu said: "Titanocene has entered Phase 2 clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic drug. It has proven to be safe, but not as effective as a placebo. It also has a feature that reacts with low-intensity light to produce free radicals. Therefore, we Decided to try it to be an anti-cancer effect as a light therapy drug."


The researchers tested different combinations of nanoparticles, Titanocene, and FDG sources in a mouse model of human lung tumors and fibrosarcoma: FDG+ nanoparticles, FDG+Titanocene, and FDG+ nanoparticles+Titanocene. It was found that the FDG+Nanoparticle+Titanocene group had the most significant anticancer effect. After 15 days of treatment, the tumors of this group of mice were 8 times smaller than those of the untreated group.


Mice in the FDG+ nanoparticle group lived 15 more days than the untreated group (live 15 days). Mice in the FDG+Titanocene group also had a 30-day survival period. In contrast, the survival of mice in the FDG+Nanoparticle+Titanocene group was extended to 50 days.


Achilefu said: "Under exposure to light sources, titanium dioxide nanoparticles can kill cancer cells, but the addition of Titanocene significantly increases the therapeutic effect. They can produce different kinds of free radicals. In our method, the dosage of Titanocene is also used. Far less than the dose used as a chemotherapeutic drug."


Kotagiri added: "The side effects of this therapy should be minimal. The light and light-sensitive materials used in it are aimed at tumors. The material is only toxic in the presence of a light source, and the light source is only present in the tumor. Location." Currently, the research team is planning a small clinical trial to further validate the effects of the combination therapy.

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